Mental Illness, Drug And Alcohol Abuse - 1476 Words

Introduction The information I gathered from the research was that the major factors that contribute to homelessness are mental illness, drug and alcohol abuse. I also learned that many individuals need to develop skills and seek treatment to learn how to break the patterns which lead to cyclical or generational homelessness (Morris, 1997). There are many signs that contribute to individuals paths to homelessness and some include sudden unemployment, maintain a budget for the family, domestic violence, mental health, and drug and alcohol abuse. These are considered to be some of the main problems associated with homelessness. According to Hertlein, (2010) when it comes to the homeless, they should be able to participate in â€Å"critical role of decision-making both in leading to homelessness as well as recovering from homelessness becomes apparent in the first year of being homeless. And, the major factors underlying their decision-making include â€Å"emotional reactivity, negative entitlement, emotional/relational wounded, impulsivity, and a lack of differentiation† (Hertlein, 2010). These initial clinical observations have received strong confirmation in the past five years and have led to the development of a framework of treatment consistent with previous models using â€Å"The Bowen System Theory†. This framework seeks to help a client face systemic anxiety and make differentiated decisions that will enable them to re-enter the community on a long-term basis. Another â€Å"criticalShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Drug Abuse1228 Words   |  5 PagesToday, drug abuse has become a controversial subject where various individuals have different views. Substance abuse is a substantial dilemma among people and easily spread in schools, work environments, and even in homes. 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I will be looking up what mental problems can be causes by using drugs or if not caused brough out. If i discover that drugs can cause mental illness than i want to know what drugs in specific causes them the most. I also would like to find out what happens to an adolescent brain when they abuse drugs and alcohol, V.S. the normal brain. Also how it may affect them Physically and mentally i have heard stuff like people stop maturing when they start using drugs and i wanna find out how factualRead MoreHomeless Research Paper1487 Words   |  6 Pages(NCH, 15). Even though there is no clear definition of the homeless, the questions still linger, who are they? Though the image of the homeless is viewed in a negative, there are many homeless persons who are struggling to receive help. Alcoholics, drug addicts, sexual abusers, and gang members have cast an image on homelessness that scares people away from helping. Mary Ellen Hombs, Deputy Director of the U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness, wrote, â€Å"At the beginning of the decade the prevailingRead MoreEssay Drug Abuse and Mental Health 1194 Words   |  5 PagesSubstance abuse complicates almost every aspect of care for the person with a mental disorder. When drugs enter the brain, they can interrupt the work and actually change how the brain performs its jobs; these changes are what lead to compulsive drug use. Drug abuse plays a major role when concerning mental health. It is very difficult for these individuals to engage in treatment. Diagnosis for a treatment is difficult be cause it takes time to disengage the interacting effects of substance abuse and theRead MoreDID Essay1460 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation (NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness | NAMI: The National Alliance on Mental Illness,). DID is a serious mental illness that occurs across all ethnic groups and all income levels. It affects women nine times more than men. In addition to experiencing separate identities, individuals living with DID may also experience many other symptoms (Dissociative identity disorder - children, causes, DSM, functioning, effects, therapy, adults, drug, n.d.). Retrieving and dealing with memoriesRead MoreDrug Use And Substance Use Disorder Patients1291 Words   |  6 Pagestopic globally. 230 million drug users are found worldwide and 19.9 million of those are Americans that have used illicit drugs in the year 2007 alone (as cited in Michael’s House, n.d); Furthermore, America makes up 4 percent of the global population and our nation manages to oc cupy two-third of the illegal drug use worldwide (as cited in Buggle, 2013). The National Institute on Drugs (NIH) (2011) cited 1.8 million people in the year 2008 admissions were from alcohol and drug use disorder. Ages greaterRead MoreThe Prevalence of Co-Occurring Disorders Essay893 Words   |  4 Pagesprevalence of co-occurring disorders, mental health and substance abuse or dependency. Services, U.D. (2005) states that substance abuse and mental disorders became associated in the late 70’s. Both substance abuse and mental disorder communities realized that the two were associated with not just depression but substance abuse as well. At that time, 50 to 75 percent of clients were reported to have co-occurring mental disorders and co-occurring substance abuse users were between 20 to 50 percentRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Addiction On Children1506 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction When an individual is struggling with drug addiction problems, the family is affected physically, mentally, and emotionally. The disease not only changes the addict’s whole life, but it changes the lives of their family members as parents get torn apart from themselves and each other. The role of each family member begins to shape around what is in the best interest of the addict. This research paper is an overview of the effects that raising a drug addicted child has on parent’s ability toRead MoreHomelessness Is More Than Ruthlessness Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pagesand stomach problems. There are many reasons why a person becomes homeless lack of affordable housing, loss of a job, divorce, illness, substance abuse, domestic abuse. One of the first steps you can take toward helping the homeless is trying to understand how they got there in the first place. Homeless people can be affected by various situations such as health and mental issues, family issues and having no job. The government currently offers food banks, job training and housing, but not to every

The Theory Of Heredity And The Inheritance Of Biological...

Heredity can be described as the passing of physical or mental characteristics from one generation to another. The particulate hypothesis stated traits are inherited in discrete units that we know as genes, as the dilute hypothesis also known as the bleeding hypothesis states offspring traits are blended from both parent’s traits. Mitosis and meiosis are two forms of cellular reproduction. There are several differences between these two types of cell division. Meiosis produces four haploid cells, while mitosis produce two diploid cells. Haploid cells are cells that have one complete set of chromosomes. The most common type are gametes, or sex cells. Diploid cells are cells that have two sets of chromosomes. Somatic cells which are non sex cells are all diploid. The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance as proposed by Sutton and Boveri, declares chromosomes are the vehicles of genetic heredity. This theory identifies chromosomes as the carriers of genetic material, correctly explai ns the mechanism underlying the law of Mendelian inheritance. Mendelian inheritance is the inheritance of biological features that follows the laws proposed by Gregor Mendel. Mendel is a scientist famously known for his principles and theories of genetics. Two of his most famous notions were the law of segregation and law of independent assortment. The law of segregation states during the production of gametes, two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from eachShow MoreRelatedGenes and Their Control Over Humans Essay810 Words   |  4 PagesHumans They (genes) are in you and me; they created us, body and mind This statement by Richard Dawkins poses the question of how much and in what way our genes control us, whether they are responsible for our hereditary features only, or for all behavior and environmental aspects of our persona. 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Al Qaeda 4 Free Essays

Paper 1 – Al-Qaeda 10/19/10 It would not at all be surprising if this decade comes to be known as the decade of terrorism in years to come. Since the turn of the millennium, terrorism, maybe more than any other global issue or topic, has plagued the world stage with constant news and horror. It can be argued that terrorism is a problem with no solution and no end in sight. We will write a custom essay sample on Al Qaeda 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Islamic militant group, Al-Qaeda, is the most well known terrorist organization in the world. Al-Qaeda has been held accountable for some of the most tragic and horrifying acts of terror in history. Still, many people do not fully understand what Al-Qaeda is, who is behind it, and why it exists. A fluid, agreed-upon definition does not exist for the extremist organization, run by Osama bin Laden and responsible for the September 11th terrorist attacks, but rather a multitude of beliefs on the number, strength, and whereabouts of Al-Qaeda. Most researchers and historians point to August 11th, 1988 as the origin of Al-Qaeda as an organized group. However, it was the events leading up to this meeting that caused Osama bin Laden and a small group of extremist leaders to officially organize what had grown into a large, strong Islamic following. From December 1979 through February 1989, the Soviet Union was engaged in a war with Afghanistan. The communist Soviet Union allied with the Afghan Marxist regime in order to fight the native Afghan mujahideen (Burke and Allen). The United States channeled funds to the native Afghanis in order to stop the spread of communism by the Soviet Union in a CIA program called Operation Cyclone. There are many people today that are of the belief that it was this CIA program that kick started Al-Qaeda, and that the US was directly responsible for the growth and success of the same terrorist organization that executed the most devastating attack on US soil (Dixon). Once the war ended, Osama bin Laden met with the leader of the Egyptian Islamic-Jihad, Abdullah Azzam and planned to expand their newly founded organization. Al-Qaeda relocated to Sudan from 1992 to 1996. During this time, Al-Qaeda grew through various forms of terrorist attacks, until the Saudi Arabian government exiled Osama bin Laden and forced him and his followers to once again relocate to avoid conflict (Bergen). After the Soviets left Afghanistan, there was a period of great turmoil and anarchy that took hold. There was no established form of government, and many separate groups claimed the rights to certain territories throughout the country. This was the perfect time for bin Laden and Al-Qaeda to return home and regain power in Afghanistan. They teamed up with the Taliban, an organization that garnered its strength through the education and training of children. The Taliban had been the most successful group to rise to power, and many recognized them as the governing entity in Afghanistan. With the protection and support from the Taliban, bin Laden was able to mobilize and organize Al-Qaeda into a dominant and strategically planned terrorist organization (Burke and Allen). Al-Qaeda’s mission has been summarized as â€Å"centralization of decision and decentralization of execution. In other words, bin Laden hoped to form a group in which he and a few close advisors would set out guidelines and make decisions for the smaller cells that would then spread around throughout the world and execute his attacks. Structurally, Al-Qaeda is formed just like any other corporation, with senior executives at the top and then smaller, less powerful roles towards the bottom. Bin Laden is the emir, which is the highest power in t he organization, almost king-like. Ayman al-Zawahiri is Al-Qaeda’s Deputy Operations Chief, and is known as bin Laden’s second in command. Similar to other organizations and corporations, Al-Qaeda has several divisions that handle issues specific to their role. First, the Military Operative is the most destructive and infamous. It is responsible for training soldiers, acquiring weapons, and planning attacks around the world. Second, the Money/Business Committee is responsible for providing the funding for the training operatives and attacks, using the hawala banking system (informal value transfer system that is not used in the United States). The Law Committee rules on whether certain actions follow Islamic law. The Islamic Study/Fatwa Committee issues religious edicts, also known as fatwas, that the rest of the organization and even the territory it controls must follow. For example, in 1998, Al-Qaeda issued a fatwa that all Muslims should kill any American if given the chance. The most recent addition to Al-Qaeda has been the formation of As-Sahab, Al-Qaeda’s media outlet that supplies video and audio recordings and sends them out to the rest of the world (Inside Al-Qaeda). Tapes of bin Laden have been released to the United States where he takes responsibility for the September 11th attacks, as well as numerous other hateful speeches about the evils of Western culture and perceived Muslim intolerance. Although there is a large following of people that believe Al-Qaeda has been dismantled and broken down since the War on Terror, evidence still points to a structurally organized and strategically planned organization in which each department works in conjunction with each other to carry out acts of terror. Osama bin Laden is advised by a Shura Council, estimated to consist of twenty to thirty members, who make plans and decisions for the entire organization. They recently released a document called â€Å"Al-Qaeda’s Strategy to the Year 2020† in which they outlined their military, political, and religious goals for the organization in the upcoming years. The strategy can be summarized into five stages. First, provoke the United States into invading a Muslim country. This was successfully executed once the United States invaded Afghanistan following the September 11th attacks. Second, incite local resistance to occupying forces. This way, Al-Qaeda creates the enemy and turns the natives against the foreign invaders, thereby leaving them as the only reliable solution to restore â€Å"peace†. Third, engage surrounding countries in the war so that the United States is trapped in a â€Å"long war of attrition†. Fourth, convert Al-Qaeda into a set of operating principles and ideologies that can be franchised into smaller countries and smaller cells. Then, these cells will engage the United States and its allies until they can no longer fight and must withdraw. Al-Qaeda was able to do this with the 2004 Madrid train bombings, but failed to impact British involvement with the July 7, 2005 London bombings. Finally, the fifth stage, which has thankfully yet to occur, is that the United States’ economy will crumble due to too many engagements in too many areas, and any allied nations supported by the United States will fall as well. Al-Qaeda will then be able to take control and set up the desired form of government, a Wahabi Caliphate, throughout the region (Atwan). Al-Qaeda has been responsible for several acts of terror in the 1990’s and 2000’s that were designed with the intent of furthering Al-Qaeda’s mission. In 1992, Al-Qaeda successfully executed its first terrorist attack. Two bombs were detonated in Aden, Yemen. The first target was Movenpick Hotel and the second was the parking lot of the Goldmohur Hotel. Although no Americans were killed and it went with little notice in the United States, the attack did signify the first attack on Western culture by Al-Qaeda. Then, in 1993, Ramzi Yousef used a truck bomb to explode one of the World Trade Center towers. The plan was that the bomb would crumble the foundation of the first tower, sending it into the second tower and resulting in the collapse of both. Although the plan did not work to perfection, it did kill six people and put Al-Qaeda on the radar as a potential threat to American security. There were several other attacks in the late 1990’s, such as the bombing of the U. S. S. Cole, a military destroyer based off of Yemen that killed 17 US servicemen (Terrorism Project). However, no attack in history has come close to the tragedy of September 11th, 2001. The September 11th attacks were the culmination and result of Al-Qaeda’s growth, organization, and mission. Once bin Laden was able to mobilize the extremist followers, he was ready to execute the first stage of its mission strategy. On September 11th, Al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial airliners. The hijackers flew two planes into both towers of the World Trade Center, eventually collapsing both towers into debris and destruction. Another plane crashed into the Pentagon, and a fourth was originally intended for Washington, D. C. , but crash-landed in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. These attacks left 3,000 people dead and countless injured, allowing it to be the worst attack in American history (Bin Laden). Following the attacks, an extreme sense of national unity erupted in the United States, and George Bush’s administration had no choice but to wage war against Al-Qaeda and the Taliban regime. The War on Terror began on October 7, 2001 with the first set of US troops landing in Afghanistan. The original plan was executed swiftly and successfully, and by early 2002, Al-Qaeda had been dealt a serious blow. Many of its top executives and leaders were either captured or killed, and many of its training facilities and bases were destroyed. By the end of 2004, the United States government estimated that two-thirds of Al-Qaeda’s most senior figures had been captured and interrogated by the CIA. However, Osama bin Laden was able to escape each attempt at capture, and is still believed to be hiding out in an undisclosed location. Overall, the initial strike in the War on Terror was deemed a success, even though the aftermath has divided the nation and raised serious questions about the United States’ involvement in the Middle East (9/11 Commission Report). The world changed forever on September 11th, 2001. Aside from the tragic consequences and the unfathomable death toll, a new evil was officially born into the world. There had been terrorist attacks before, but none that shook the United States, and the world stage, as much as September 11th did. As a result, this decade has been plagued by fear of terror. New organizations and strategies have emerged that solely engage in counter-terrorist activities. Airport security has been completely revamped following an extreme fear in almost all Americans that caused aviation activity to decrease significantly after the attacks. So, after all that Al-Qaeda has been accused of, and after all the intense fear that spread throughout the country, why is it that there are still such differing beliefs and theories on Al-Qaeda? Why do some people believe that, for the most part, it has become a brand name that smaller terrorist groups use, but in reality have no real affiliation with the defeated organization? And on the other hand, why are there people who strongly contest these views and believe that Al-Qaeda is still a functioning, organized militia run by Osama bin Laden? I am not sure whether there is a right or wrong answer, but a serious concern in the minds of both beliefs is that terrorism, as a threat, could be one that proves insolvable. Works Cited â€Å"The 9/11 Commission Report. † National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. . Atwan, Abdel Bari. The Secret History of Al-Qaeda. Los Angeles, California: University of California, 2006. Google Books. Bergen, Peter. â€Å"The Osama Bin Laden I Know. Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. Web. 14 Oct. 2010. . â€Å"Bin Laden Claims Responsibility for 9/11. † CBC News. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. . Burke, Jason, and Paddy Allen. â€Å"The Five Ages of Al-Qaida. † Latest News, Comment and Reviews from the Guardian | Guardian. co. uk. Web. 14 Oct. 2010. . Dixon, Norm. â€Å"How the CIA Created Osama Bin Laden. † Green Left Weekly. Web. 14 Oct. 2010. . â€Å"Inside the Alqaeda Terrorist Network. † Middle East: MidEastWeb. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. . â€Å"List of Known Terrorist Organizations. † CDI – Center for Defense Information – Security Policy Research Organization. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. . How to cite Al Qaeda 4, Papers

Case Study Analysis Assignment

Questions: Case Study 1:Verification process of Kit, a Chilean citizen and consultation for required taxation system for his income. Case Study 2: Analysis of verdicts came for sale of land under Australian rules and regulation. Answers: Case Study: 1 Problem Verification process of Kit, a Chilean citizen and consultation for required taxation system for his income Present regulation The tax for residency status for a taxpayer is given in by section 6(1) of ITAA, 1936. There are numbers of tax system in tax ruling TR 98/17, which can help to apply the tax regulation of tax payers (ATO, 1995). This is the following details for the above stated problem- Test of domicile Test of domicile is relevant to those Australian citizens who is having Australian domicile and living in another countries for their purpose of profession or any personal reason. The regulation about this kind of condition is that individual should be domiciled in Australian territory under Domicile Act 1982. In spite of this condition there is also one rule in which they should reside in Australian territory verdict of case the Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Applegate case. The main pint in this case is that if any Australian citizen residing permanently outside of countries then such kind of citizens is not listed in this test system. To verify the personal Tax commissioner of Australian countries uses some factors for examining the purpose and location of the individual which is related with permanent residence as per verdict of case of Taxation Ruling IT 2650. These are the following factors which is working on this The extent of gap between actual and expected duration of stay from outside Australia. Whether the individual want to settle down on foreign countries. The profession for which is residing abroad. The time related to occupancy in foreign land, the purpose of trip outside Australia. Test of superannuation Any taxpayer in Australian residency comes under the Australian territory if he/ she would be involved either of the two schemes which are discussed below- Public Sector Superannuation Scheme Commonwealth Superannuation Scheme. If any individual satisfy the above stated regulation, then that person would be recognized as the Australian tax resident. Although, it may be possible that the concerned person was involved in this scheme but stayed outside of Australia. This test generally involves the officers who are posted on the foreign territory on the instruction of the federal government of Australia (Deutsch et. al, 2015). test of residency Residency does means that he would bind with regulation, so the main purpose of this research is to find out verdict related to cases happened in history, especially the cases of tax ruling. This is the factor which contributes in this. What is the location of permanent residents What is the duration to stay outside countries as well as Australian countries? Number of visit from abroad countries Time spent in foreign land (For personal or professional commitments) for this there is a verdict the judgments of the Levene v IRC [1928] AC 217 case is taken into account. Test of 183-day There is rule in Australia for individual that he must stay a minimum period of 183 days in a given financial years. But there is a relaxation of continuation or intermittent stay in the countries i.e. he can live with break also. Application As given in case study, Kit is permanently residing in Australian country, but he has not left the citizenship of Chili. He come here for professional purpose and in a contract with Australia and obliged to rules and regulation for what he has written in contract. During his professional carrier he has to visit Indonesian coast. At the present scenario he is working with an Indonesian companys oil rig and he is the owner of a house in Australia, where his family residing in Australia. He has a bank account in Australia along with his wife as joint account holder scheme. He gets his salary through this joint account which is credited every month. In spite of all above stated thing he is planning to settle down in Australia i.e. not intention to go to chili after retirement. During their duty time he gets there month of service and one month off this is as per Indonesian regulation. During the off duty time period he is coming to Australia and sometime goes to South America. The one of the important factor is that Kit is an Australian PR. After reading all the case scenario and getting all the details related to citizenship regulation it can be concluded that test of domicile is the main regulating which can be applicable in this case. Since, Kit has permanent residents (PR) and having domicile of Australia. This main significant factor for test of domicile, and the second important factor is as per the case study Kit has no intention to get settled outside of Australia. It is also mentioned in the case, that Kit wants to continue to reside in Australian territory. He also maintains a bank account in Australia, where he receiving his salary and giving expense to their family. On the basis of above information, it can be decided that Kit has given satisfactory result for both of the test of domicile and therefore, Kit has right to get Australian tax resident as per the section 6(5) of ITAA, 1997. Hence, all the income coming from domestic and foreign land is viable for tax as per Australian tax code. The investment inc ome are coming from outside of Australia will be termed as ordinary income and hence tax under the provision of ITAA. Verdict If I am in the jurisdiction in Australia then it can be concluded that according to the test of domicile Kit is definitely an Australia resident. Therefore, all his income and also investment coming from foreign lands would be taxed as per the Australian tax law. Case Study: 2 Analysis of verdicts came for sale of land under Australian rules and regulation. Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 As given in the case study A land is being purchased by Californian copper company for the purpose of mining the copper, further problem is that the income gained from this mining is being considered as a capital income and tax is not viable for this income. As the scenario presentation, the company sold the lad to third party in order to gain huge profit from it. On this basis profit received by selling the land will be considered as an ordinary income. Therefore, tax is viable under the tax Law. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188- In 1942 This problem is almost similar as Californian copper company, in this scenario it was presented that there is plan to purchase the land for the purpose of mining coal. After sometime the owner of this company decided to sell the land for a business activity especially for residential purpose. They have added value to the land by subdividing it into plot and sold with premium rate. The verdict from court ordered that company cannot use this land for any business or residential purpose because the main purpose of purchasing this land was to mining the coal under this land. Therefore, income received from selling the land is an ordinary income and viable for tax under the Australian Tax code of conduct, but while giving decision to this verdict court had not accepted the factor of selling the land and announced that the company is not liable to sell the land. Therefore, Income is not of ordinary nature and cannot be taxed. FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR In this case there is clear intension of the land owner to sell the land for making big profit. The owner also very clearly ware that the cost of this land is much higher than what he has expected from buyer. The factor is that company does not want to carry-over the business but wants to sell the land to make big profit. Therefore, income coming from selling the land is of ordinary nature and would be taxed as per Australian law section 15-15, ITAA 1997. Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 As per given scenario, the landowner is a farmer and traditionally involved in farming. But as the time spends he sold some part of their land and earned profit, the intention of owner is not carry the farming or any profit making activity. Therefore, the income made by selling some part of land is not comes under ordinary nature rather its a capital income. Because the selling the land is basically realization of valuable asset, so under Australian tax law, the income would not be considered for tax. Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 The father of Casimaty gifted as land to their daughter. There is no intention of selling the land, and in the meantime he has done fencing to the land, But after sometime when financial crisis was occurred and also there is an health issue, he use the land to make some income by selling the land. The portion he has sold is two third of the whole land. The simple point of view this comes as per normal tax rule and income could be taxed, but especially in this case of Casimaty, there is no intention of selling the land for making profit, hence, court has given ruling of this verdict is that, the income would be the income would be termed as capital income and would liable for taxed purpose and the intention of selling the land is to get rid of financial crisis and health issue. The nature of profit is capital and cannot consider for tax purpose. Therefore, Income is not of ordinary nature and cannot be taxed Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 The main purpose of Moana Company is to recover sand from their own land .After sometime, when sand is reduced; the owner divided this land into subparts and start selling. With this fact, it can be concluded that the objective of the company is to earn a profit by selling the land; hence, the income termed as ordinary income and would be considered for tax purpose. On this basis profit received by selling the land will be considered as an ordinary income. Therefore, tax is viable under the tax Law. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 The main purpose of buying the land is agriculture, for this; the farmer borrowed money from third party and used to buy this land. After a certain period of time, the farmer subdivided the land into 51 subsections and sold them at a very high pay with different time intervals. Thus, this activity is repetitive in nature, hence, as per the judgments of the Court, the farmer is completely involved in profit making activities, hence, and the profit considered as ordinary income and would be taxed under tax law. On this basis profit received by selling the land will be considered as an ordinary income. Therefore, tax is viable under the tax Law. McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 The main purpose of owning this house is investment. He reconstructed the old house and turned into three townhouses for selling intention. But due to market structure, he was not able to sell this townhouse. Therefore, he started using the townhouse for his own living. After a year of living, he sold all three townhouses at a very high rate. After considering all the factors Federal government decided that the intention of the owner is to make an investment to earn a profit for which is basically a business activity, Hence, the income received by selling the townhouse would be considered as ordinary income and would be taxed under Australian law. On this basis profit received by selling the land will be considered as an ordinary income. Therefore, tax is viable under the tax Law. References Gilders, F, Taylor, J, Walpole, M, Burton, M. Ciro, T 2015.Understanding taxation law 2015 (8th edition).LexisNexis/Butterworths. Sadiq, K, Coleman, C, Hanegbi, R, Jogarajan, S, Krever, R, Obst, W, and Ting, A 2015,Principles of Taxation Law 2015,(8th edition), Thomson Reuters, Pymont Barkoczy,S 2015.Foundation of Taxation Law 2015,(7th edition), CCH Publications, North Ryde Deutsch, R, Freizer, M, Fullerton, I, Hanley, P, Snape, T 2015.Australian tax handbook (8th edition).Thomson Reuters, Pymont Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Applegate (1978) 8 ATR 372 Levene v. I.R.C.(1928) A.C.217 Taxation Ruling TR 98/17 Taxation Ruling IT 2650 Taxation Ruling TR 97/11